Fencing is a very important concept in computer clusters for HA (High Availability). Unfortunately, given that fencing does not offer a visible service to users, it is often neglected.
Fencing may be defined as a method to bring an HA cluster to a known state. But, what is a "cluster state" after all? To answer that question we have to see what is in the cluster.
Introduction to HA clusters
Any computer cluster may be loosely defined as a collection of cooperating computers or nodes. Nodes talk to each other over communication channels, which are typically standard network connections, such as Ethernet.
The main purpose of an HA cluster is to manage user services. Typical examples of user services are an Apache web server or, say, a MySQL database. From the user’s point of view, the services do some specific and hopefully useful work when ordered to do so. To the cluster, however, they are just things which may be started or stopped. This distinction is important, because the nature of the service is irrelevant to the cluster. In the cluster lingo, the user services are known as resources.
Every resource has a state attached, for instance: "resource r1 is started on node1". In an HA cluster, such state implies that "resource r1 is stopped on all nodes but node1", because an HA cluster must make sure that every resource may be started on at most one node.
A collection of resource states and node states is the cluster state.
Every node must report every change that happens to resources. This may happen only for the running resources, because a node should not start resources unless told so by somebody. That somebody is the Cluster Resource Manager (CRM) in our case.
So far so good. But what if, for whatever reason, we cannot establish with certainty a state of some node or resource? This is where fencing comes in. With fencing, even when the cluster doesn’t know what is happening on some node, we can make sure that that node doesn’t run any or certain important resources.
If you wonder how this can happen, there may be many risks involved with computing: reckless people, power outages, natural disasters, rodents, thieves, software bugs, just to name a few. We are sure that at least a few times your computer failed unpredictably.
Fencing
There are two kinds of fencing: resource level and node level.
Using the resource level fencing the cluster can make sure that a node cannot access one or more resources. One typical example is a SAN, where a fencing operation changes rules on a SAN switch to deny access from a node.
The resource level fencing may be achieved using normal resources on which the resource we want to protect would depend. Such a resource would simply refuse to start on this node and therefore resources which depend on it will be unrunnable on the same node as well.
The node level fencing makes sure that a node does not run any resources at all. This is usually done in a very simple, yet brutal way: the node is simply reset using a power switch. This may ultimately be necessary because the node may not be responsive at all.
The node level fencing is our primary subject below.
Node level fencing devices
Before we get into the configuration details, you need to pick a fencing device for the node level fencing. There are quite a few to choose from. If you want to see the list of stonith devices which are supported just run:
stonith -L
Stonith devices may be classified into five categories:
-
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
-
PDU (Power Distribution Unit)
-
Blade power control devices
-
Lights-out devices
-
Testing devices
The choice depends mainly on your budget and the kind of hardware. For instance, if you’re running a cluster on a set of blades, then the power control device in the blade enclosure is the only candidate for fencing. Of course, this device must be capable of managing single blade computers.
The lights-out devices (IBM RSA, HP iLO, Dell DRAC) are becoming increasingly popular and in future they may even become standard equipment of of-the-shelf computers. They are, however, inferior to UPS devices, because they share a power supply with their host (a cluster node). If a node stays without power, the device supposed to control it would be just as useless. Even though this is obvious to us, the cluster manager is not in the know and will try to fence the node in vain. This will continue forever because all other resource operations would wait for the fencing/stonith operation to succeed.
The testing devices are used exclusively for testing purposes. They are usually more gentle on the hardware. Once the cluster goes into production, they must be replaced with real fencing devices.
STONITH (Shoot The Other Node In The Head)
Stonith is our fencing implementation. It provides the node level fencing.
The stonith and fencing terms are often used interchangeably here as well as in other texts.
The stonith subsystem consists of two components:
-
pacemaker-fenced
-
stonith plugins
pacemaker-fenced
pacemaker-fenced is a daemon which may be accessed by the local processes or over the network. It accepts commands which correspond to fencing operations: reset, power-off, and power-on. It may also check the status of the fencing device.
pacemaker-fenced runs on every node in the CRM HA cluster. The pacemaker-fenced instance running on the DC node receives a fencing request from the CRM. It is up to this and other pacemaker-fenced programs to carry out the desired fencing operation.
Stonith plugins
For every supported fencing device there is a stonith plugin which is capable of controlling that device. A stonith plugin is the interface to the fencing device. All stonith plugins look the same to pacemaker-fenced, but are quite different on the other side reflecting the nature of the fencing device.
Some plugins support more than one device. A typical example is ipmilan (or external/ipmi) which implements the IPMI protocol and can control any device which supports this protocol.
CRM stonith configuration
The fencing configuration consists of one or more stonith resources.
A stonith resource is a resource of class stonith and it is configured just like any other resource. The list of parameters (attributes) depend on and are specific to a stonith type. Use the stonith(1) program to see the list:
$ stonith -t ibmhmc -n
ipaddr
$ stonith -t ipmilan -n
hostname ipaddr port auth priv login password reset_method
It is easy to guess the class of a fencing device from the set of attribute names.
A short help text is also available:
$ stonith -t ibmhmc -h
STONITH Device: ibmhmc - IBM Hardware Management Console (HMC)
Use for IBM i5, p5, pSeries and OpenPower systems managed by HMC
Optional parameter name managedsyspat is white-space delimited
list of patterns used to match managed system names; if last
character is '*', all names that begin with the pattern are matched
Optional parameter name password is password for hscroot if
passwordless ssh access to HMC has NOT been setup (to do so,
it is necessary to create a public/private key pair with
empty passphrase - see "Configure the OpenSSH client" in the
redbook for more details)
For more information see
http://publib-b.boulder.ibm.com/redbooks.nsf/RedbookAbstracts/SG247038.html
A dummy stonith resource configuration, which may be used in some testing scenarios is very simple:
configure
primitive st-null stonith:null \
params hostlist="node1 node2"
clone fencing st-null
commit
An alternative configuration:
primitive st-node1 stonith:null \
params hostlist="node1"
primitive st-node2 stonith:null \
params hostlist="node2"
location l-st-node1 st-node1 -inf: node1
location l-st-node2 st-node2 -inf: node2
This configuration is perfectly alright as far as the cluster software is concerned. The only difference to a real world configuration is that no fencing operation takes place.
A more realistic, but still only for testing, is the following external/ssh configuration:
primitive st-ssh stonith:external/ssh \
params hostlist="node1 node2"
clone fencing st-ssh
This one can also reset nodes. As you can see, this configuration is remarkably similar to the first one which features the null stonith device.
The real device configuration is not much different, though some devices may require more attributes. For instance, an IBM RSA lights-out device might be configured like this:
primitive st-ibmrsa-1 stonith:external/ibmrsa-telnet \
params nodename=node1 ipaddr=192.168.0.101 \
userid=USERID passwd=PASSW0RD
primitive st-ibmrsa-2 stonith:external/ibmrsa-telnet \
params nodename=node2 ipaddr=192.168.0.102 \
userid=USERID passwd=PASSW0RD
# st-ibmrsa-1 can run anywhere but on node1
location l-st-node1 st-ibmrsa-1 -inf: node1
# st-ibmrsa-2 can run anywhere but on node2
location l-st-node2 st-ibmrsa-2 -inf: node2
If you haven’t already guessed, configuration of a UPS kind of fencing device is remarkably similar to all we have already shown.
All UPS devices employ the same mechanics for fencing. What is, however, different is how the device itself is accessed. Old UPS devices, those that were considered professional, used to have just a serial port, typically connected at 1200baud using a special serial cable. Many new ones still come equipped with a serial port, but often they also sport a USB interface or an Ethernet interface. The kind of connection we may make use of depends on what the plugin supports. Let’s see a few examples for the APC UPS equipment:
$ stonith -t apcmaster -h
STONITH Device: apcmaster - APC MasterSwitch (via telnet)
NOTE: The APC MasterSwitch accepts only one (telnet)
connection/session a time. When one session is active,
subsequent attempts to connect to the MasterSwitch will fail.
For more information see http://www.apc.com/
List of valid parameter names for apcmaster STONITH device:
ipaddr
login
password
$ stonith -t apcsmart -h
STONITH Device: apcsmart - APC Smart UPS
(via serial port - NOT USB!).
Works with higher-end APC UPSes, like
Back-UPS Pro, Smart-UPS, Matrix-UPS, etc.
(Smart-UPS may have to be >= Smart-UPS 700?).
See http://www.networkupstools.org/protocols/apcsmart.html
for protocol compatibility details.
For more information see http://www.apc.com/
List of valid parameter names for apcsmart STONITH device:
ttydev
hostlist
The former plugin supports APC UPS with a network port and telnet protocol. The latter plugin uses the APC SMART protocol over the serial line which is supported by many different APC UPS product lines.
The CRM configuration is left as an exercise to the reader.
Monitoring the fencing devices
Just like any other resource, the stonith class agents also support the monitor operation. Given that we have often seen monitor either not configured or configured in a wrong way, we have decided to devote a section to the matter.
Monitoring stonith resources, which is actually checking status of the corresponding fencing devices, is strongly recommended. So strongly, that we should consider a configuration without it invalid.
On the one hand, though an indispensable part of an HA cluster, a fencing device, being the last line of defense, is used seldom. Very seldom and preferably never. On the other, for whatever reason, the power management equipment is known to be rather fragile on the communication side. Some devices were known to give up if there was too much broadcast traffic on the wire. Some cannot handle more than ten or so connections per minute. Some get confused or depressed if two clients try to connect at the same time. Most cannot handle more than one session at the time. The bottom line: try not to exercise your fencing device too often. It may not like it. Use monitoring regularly, yet sparingly, say once every couple of hours. The probability that within those few hours there will be a need for a fencing operation and that the power switch would fail is usually low.
Odd plugins
Apart from plugins which handle real devices, some stonith plugins are a bit out of line and deserve special attention.
external/kdumpcheck
Sometimes, it may be important to get a kernel core dump. This plugin may be used to check if the dump is in progress. If that is the case, then it will return true, as if the node has been fenced, which is actually true given that it cannot run any resources at the time. kdumpcheck is typically used in concert with another, real, fencing device. See README_kdumpcheck.txt for more details.
external/sbd
This is a self-fencing device. It reacts to a so-called "poison pill" which may be inserted into a shared disk. On shared storage connection loss, it also makes the node commit suicide. See http://www.linux-ha.org/wiki/SBD_Fencing for more details.
meatware
Strange name and a simple concept. meatware
requires help from a
human to operate. Whenever invoked, meatware
logs a CRIT severity
message which should show up on the node’s console. The operator
should then make sure that the node is down and issue a
meatclient(8)
command to tell meatware
that it’s OK to tell the
cluster that it may consider the node dead. See README.meatware
for more information.
null
This one is probably not of much importance to the general
public. It is used in various testing scenarios. null
is an
imaginary device which always behaves and always claims that it
has shot a node, but never does anything. Sort of a
happy-go-lucky. Do not use it unless you know what you are doing.
suicide
suicide
is a software-only device, which can reboot a node it is
running on. It depends on the operating system, so it should be
avoided whenever possible. But it is OK on one-node clusters.
suicide
and null
are the only exceptions to the "don’t shoot my
host" rule.